5 Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy matches Isaiah 5 with a focus on the song Moses sang to Israel and the blessings he spoke over the tribes of Israel.

Vineyard Song

The opening match between Isaiah 5 and the book of Deuteronomy is this song about the vineyard. Isaiah says the vineyard he's singing about is Israel. In Deuteronomy Moses sings a song to Israel that matches the vineyard song in Isaiah.

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:1
5 1Now I will sing to my well-beloved a song of my beloved concerning his vineyard. My well-beloved had a vineyard on the corner of a fertile land;

Deuteronomy 31:30-32:0
30And Moses spoke the words of this song before all the congregation of the sons of Israel, until they were ended.

Vineyard Fenced

Within the songs the first match is the idea of a fence or boundary that separates the nations.

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:2
2he cultivated it and fenced it and planted it with the choicest vines, and built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also made a winepress in it; and he expected that it should bring forth grapes, but it brought forth wild grapes.

Deuteronomy 32:7-14
7Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations; ask your father, and he will show you; your elders, and they will tell you.
8When the most high divided the nations, when he separated mankind, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the sons of Israel.
9For Yahvah's portion is his people; Jacob is the lot of his inheritance.
10He found him in a desert land, and in the waste and howling wilderness; he made him to settle down, he loved him, he kept him as the apple of his eye.
11As an eagle encircles his nest, fluttering over his young, spreading out its wings, taking them, bearing them on the strength of his wings;
12so Yahvah alone led Israel, and there was no strange god with him.
13He made him to live in a fertile land, and fed him with the produce of the field; and he made him to suck honey out of the rock and oil out of the flinty rock;
14and gave him butter of cows and milk of sheep, with fat of fatlings and rams of the breed of rock-goats and goats, with the fat and the best wheat; and he gave him wine to drink, and of the juices of grapes.

To fence the vineyard is equivalent to setting up national boundaries for Israel after bringing them into the promised land. That's what Moses is singing about. It's future at this point, of course, but so are the other elements of the song that are coming.

Another detail that matches between the two passages is the theme of watching over the vineyard. In Isaiah a watchtower is built. In Deuteronomy Moses sings that Yahvah looked after Israel as the "apple of his eye."

A third general detail in this match is the idea of provisioning. In Isaiah the picture that's painted is that God is really doting over this vineyard that he's building and he's giving it everything it needs to succeed. In Deuteronomy there's more vocabulary to this effect. It says he fed him produce, honey, oil, butter, milk, meat, wheat and wine. The sense is that God is giving Israel every chance to succeed. He wants good grapes from his vineyard and he's taking every care to make it possible.

Bad Grapes

What actually happens in bad or wild grapes instead of good or cultivated grapes. I'm not a grape grower so I don't claim to know why a wild grape is a bad thing and a cultivated grape good, but the issue in the story is that God's not getting the result he hoped and worked for.

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:3-4
3And now, men of Judah, and inhabitants of Jerusalem, judge between me and my vineyard.
4What more could have been done to my vineyard, that I have not done in it? Therefore when I expected that it should bring forth grapes, it brought forth wild grapes.

Deuteronomy 32:15-18
15And Jeshurun grew fat and kicked; he became rich and mighty, he gained wealth; then he forsook god who made him, and reviled the mighty one who had saved him.
16They provoked him to zealousness with strange gods, they made him angry with idols.
17They sacrificed to devils who were not gods; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that were just made, whom your fathers had never worshiped.
18But you forsook the mighty one who bore you, and you forgot the god who made you glorious.

In Deuteronomy the failure is worship of false gods. This is the bad result in the vineyard despite everything that's been done. It's like, look, I brought you out of slavery, brought you into a land of milk and honey, settled you down in houses you did not build and vineyards you did not plant and have to wait for, and you repay me by worshipping idols. Okay, you're weird. Whatever the "bad grapes" are it's the worship of false gods instead of Yahvah.

Vineyard Demolished

The result of the vineyard yielding bad grapes is the demolition of the vineyard (dispersion of Israel). The vocabulary is different in the two passages, but both are dealing with the consequences of idolatry or yielding bad grapes (however you want to state the problem).

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:5-7
5And now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will demolish its tower, and it will be for spoil; and break down its fence, and it will be trampled down;
6and I will lay it waste; it will not be pruned, nor dug; but there will spring up in it briers and thorns; I will also command the clouds that they rain no rain on it.


7For the vineyard of Yahvah of hosts is the house of Israel, and the men of Judah his pleasant plant; and I looked for justice, but look, oppression; for righteousness, but look, a cry.

Deuteronomy 32:19-25
19And Yahvah saw it, and was angry, because his sons and daughters provoked him.
20And he said, I will turn away my face from them, I will see what their end will be; for they are a perverse generation, sons in whom is no faith.
21They have provoked me to zealousness with what is not god; they have provoked me to anger with their idols; so I will move them to jealousy with those who are not my people; I will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation.
22For a fire is kindled in my anger, and will burn to the lowest parts of the grave, and will consume the land and its increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains.
23I will heap mischiefs on them; I will spend my arrows on them.
24They will be disabled with hunger, and I will deliver them to evil spirits, and I will deliver them to vultures; I will also stir up wild animals on them, with the poison of serpents which creep in the dust.
25Outside the sword will bereave, and terror in inner chambers will destroy both the young men and the virgins, the suckling also with the men of gray hairs.

Isaiah ends this section with reference to Israel as the vineyard he's been singing about, which is part of the reason this song in Isaiah matches the song Moses sung over Israel in Deuteronomy.

Isaiah's Woes/Moses' Blessings

Isaiah 5 goes next into 6 woes and Moses blesses 12 tribes in Deuteronomy (skipping Simeon for bad behavior). The key to matches in this segment is realizing that each woe maps two tribes. The map looks like this:

  • Woe 1: Reuben and Judah
  • Woe 2: Levi and Benjamin
  • Woe 3: Joseph (Manassah and Ephraim)
  • Woe 4: Zebulun and Issachar
  • Woe 5: Gad and Dan
  • Woe 6: Naphtali and Asher

Zebulun and Issachar are given the same blessing by Moses, as are Manassah and Ephraim by virtue of both being part of Joseph. Once the pattern of treating the tribe blessings as pairs was seen it was easy to align them with the woes as you see above. The proof that this way of structuring things is not random, but intended, comes from comparing the content of the woes with the content of the blessings.

Woe 1: Reuben and Judah

Much or little? That is the question. An alternative way of translating Reuben's blessing makes it read "Let Reuben live, and not die, but let his people be few." That almost makes more sense given the way his "blessing" is just a cut above extinction. In Isaiah's first woe the issue is empty houses because there are too few people to inhabit them.

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:8-10
8Woe to those who trespass the boundaries between houses, who remove the landmarks between the fields, to steal the land, that they may live alone in the middle of the land.
9In my ears said Yahvah of hosts, Of a truth, it has been heard, that many houses will be desolate, because there will not be anyone to live in them.
10For 10 acres of vineyard will yield but 1 bath, and a homer of seed will yield but an ephah.

Deuteronomy 33:6-7
6Let Reuben live, and not die; and let his people be numerous.


7And this is the blessing of Judah: Hear, Yahvah, the voice of Judah, and bring him close to his people; let his hands contend for him, and you be a help to him from his oppressors.

Isaiah's woe also deals with not enough wheat or wine. This also plays to the Reuben theme of too few.

The other theme in Isaiah's woe is the theme of moving boundaries to steal land and houses. In Judah's blessing the plea is for God to contend with Judah's oppressors. Now I don't know why this would be, but given the alignment Judah's oppressors might be the guys in Isaiah who are playing games with boundaries. Is Reuben the guy whose doing this to Judah?

Woe 2: Levi and Benjamin

There are several correlations in this match between Isaiah's second woe and Moses' blessing of Levi and Benjamin. The first match is on the subject of knowledge and it's seen both in what Isaiah says and the blessing for Levi.

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:11-17
11Woe to those who rise up early in the morning, and run after strong drink; that continue drinking until night, until wine inflames them.
12They drink wine while listening to the harps, timbrels, tambourines, and flutes; but they do not regard the works of Yahvah, nor consider the deeds of his hands.


13Therefore my people are gone into captivity, because they have no knowledge; and their dead are multiplied because of the famine, and have been overcome with thirst.
14Therefore the grave has enlarged itself, and opened its mouth without measure; and the glorious men, the honorable men, and the mighty men will descend into it.
15And the mean man will be humbled, and the mighty man will be brought down, and the eyes of the lofty will be humbled;
16but Yahvah of hosts will be exalted in judgment, and the holy god will be sanctified in righteousness.
17Then the lambs will feed there in their usual fashion, and the waste places that will be rebuilt will be the property of the rightful owners.

Deuteronomy 33:8-12
8And of Levi he said, Let your consecration and your light be on the just one whom you proved in trials and whom you tested at the waters of Meribah;
9who said of his father and of his mother, I have not seen them; he did not recognize his brothers nor know his own sons; for they have observed your word and kept your contract.
10They will teach Jacob your judgments, and Israel your law; they will put incense before you when you are angry, and whole burnt sacrifice on your altar.
11Bless, Yahvah, his substance, and accept the work of his hands; strike the loins of his adversaries, and of his enemies, that they do not rise again.


12And of Benjamin he said, The beloved of Yahvah will live in safety; and Yahvah will have compassion on him all day long, and he will live in his embrace.

Isaiah says the people went in captivity for lack of knowledge. Levi is the guy who was given the blessing to teach knowledge to Israel. So what's being said in Isaiah is that at least part of the reason Israel went into captivity was Levi was not doing his job of instructing. Why is not so important as recognizing that we need Levi doing his thing for the overall health of the spiritual ecosystem.

There's considerable column space spent in Isaiah on the issue of drinking. I know this to be a match to Levi from other studies, but it's not clear how to make that connection to what Moses says about Levi in Deuteronomy.

The next detail in this match deals with Benjamin. This woe in Isaiah ends with a picture of things getting back to health. Lambs are feeding in the usual fashion and everyone is back in their rightful land. In Deuteronomy the blessing spoken over Benjamin deals with living in safety. That means Benjamin is living in his rightful place without the threat of being uprooted.

Woe 3: Joseph (Manassah and Ephraim)

Woe 3 in Isaiah matches Moses' blessing of Joseph in a couple general ways. Read the following quotes and see if you can spot the similarities.

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:18-19
18Woe to those who spin out their iniquities like a long rope, and their sins are like a bridle on the neck of a heifer;
19who say, Let Yahvah make speed, and hurry his works, that we may see them; and let the counsel of the holy one of Israel draw near, and let it come, that we may know it.

Deuteronomy 33:13-17
13And of Joseph he said, Blessed of Yahvah be his land and its fruit, with the dew of the skies from above, with the deep that crouches beneath,
14with the fruit of the land brought forth by the sun, with the products brought forth by the moon,
15with the best fruits of the eastern mountains, with the fruit of the eternal hills,
16with the precious things of the land and its fullness, and with the good will of him who lived in the bush; let blessing come on the head of Joseph, and on the crown of the head of his brothers.
17His glory is like the firstlings of the bulls, and his horns are like the horns of unicorns; with them he will push the peoples together to the ends of the land; they are the 10,000s of Ephraim, and they are the 1,000s of Manasseh.

On the surface the most obvious correlation in this match is the reference to the heifer in Isaiah, that pulls something by rope, and the bull in Deuteronomy. We can dig a little deeper though. The blessing spoken over Joseph plays to the produce of the field. Isaiah uses difficult vocabulary, but in mentioning the heifer and rope and pulling things he's probably saying something about the beast of burden that pulls a cart that carries a load of produce from the field.

The theme of trying to unduly hurry things may also play to the way you can't speed up the crop like you can an animal. Joseph's downside may be that he always wants to push and never stops or slows down.

Woe 4: Zebulun and Issachar

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:20
20Woe to those who call evil good, and good evil; who put darkness for light, and light for darkness; who put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter.

Deuteronomy 33:18-19
18And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out; and Issachar, in your tents.
19They will call the people to the mountain; there they will offer sacrifices of righteousness; for they will suck of the abundance of the sea, and of the treasures which lie hidden in ships on the beaches.

Woe 5: Gad and Dan

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:21
21Woe to those who are wise in their own eyes and prudent in their own sight.

Deuteronomy 33:20-22
20And of Gad he said, Blessed be he who enlarges Gad; he lives like a lion, and tears the arm together with the head.
21And he provided the first part of the spoil for himself, out of which he set aside the portion of the lawgiver; he went out at the head of the people; he executed the justice of Yahvah and his judgments with Israel.


22And of Dan he said, Dan is a lion's whelp, who sucks milk from Bashan.

Woe 6: Naphtali and Asher

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:22-25
22Woe to those who are mighty to drink wine, and strong men who mix strong drink;
23who justify the guilty because of his bribe, and take away justice from the righteous.


24Therefore as the fire devours the stubble and the flame consumes the chaff, so they will be consumed by the flame, and their root will be as dust; and their blossom will go up like chaff, because they have rejected the law of Yahvah of hosts and despised the command of the holy one of Israel.
25Therefore the anger of Yahvah is kindled against his people, and he has stretched forth his hand against them, and has struck them, and the mountains trembled; and their carcasses were like mud in the streets. For all this, his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still.

Deuteronomy 33:23-25
23And of Naphtali he said, Naphtali, satisfied with abundance, and filled with the blessing of Yahvah; he will possess the west and the south.


24And of Asher he said, Let Asher be blessed with sons; let him be acceptable to his brothers, and let him have abundance of oil.
25Your shoes will be iron and brass; and like your days, so your strength will be.

Sword

Isaiah Deuteronomy

13 Isaiah 5:26-6:0
26And he will lift up an ensign to the nations from far away and will whistle to them from the end of the land; and look, they will come swiftly with speed.
27They will not be weary nor stumble, they will not slumber nor sleep, nor will the belt of their loins be loosed, nor the lace of their shoes be broken;
28their arrows are sharp and their bows are bent, their horses' hoofs will be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind.
29Their roaring will be like a lion, and like the young lions that roar, and take hold on the prey and carry it off; and no one will deliver it.
30And in that day he will roar against them like the roaring of the sea; and if they look to the land, look, there will be darkness and distress, and the light will be darkened with thick darkness.

Deuteronomy 33:26-34:0
26There is no one like the god of Jeshurun, who rides through the skies to your help, and in his excellency on the skies.
27In the skies of skies is the dwelling of our god from everlasting, and below he creates men; and he will destroy your enemies from before you; for he said, Destroy them.
28Israel then will live in safety alone; the fountain of Jacob will be in a land of grain and wine and oil; the skies will also drop down dew.
29Happy you are, Israel; who is like you, a people whose salvation is sustained by Yahvah; god is your help, and your pride is not in the sword; your enemies will deal treacherously with you; but you will tread on their necks.